Basophilia (basophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of basophils more than 150 in 1 μl of blood or more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. It often accompanies eosinophilia, since basophils and eosinophils are jointly involved in many pathological reactions. The causes of basophilia are allergic, inflammatory, oncohematological diseases. There are no specific manifestations, the clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Measurement of the level of basophils is carried out in the general blood test. To eliminate basophilia, it is necessary to treat the disease against which it arose.
Article • Read more →Purulent sputum is a pathological discharge of the bronchi and trachea containing a large number of leukocytes, colored yellow, yellow-green or green. This symptom accompanies severe inflammation of the bronchial wall, observed in suppurative and neoplastic processes of the lung parenchyma and pleura. To establish the cause of coughing up purulent sputum, imaging and endoscopic diagnostic methods, as well as laboratory tests, are used. The choice of treatment tactics depends on the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Leukopenia is a decrease in the level of leukocytes in peripheral blood below 4000 in 1 µl. The cause of this condition can be infectious, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, genetic defects of the immune system, etc. Clinically, leukopenia is manifested by an increased susceptibility of the body to various infections, but it can be completely asymptomatic. The level of leukocytes is measured when taking venous or capillary blood in the morning on an empty stomach. To correct this laboratory deviation, the underlying disease is treated.
Article • Read more →Leukocytosis is an increase in the content of leukocytes in the peripheral blood above 9000 in 1 μl (9x109 / l). It is observed in a wide range of nosologies, especially bacterial and viral infections, systemic inflammatory pathologies of a rheumatic nature. There are no specific clinical manifestations. Symptoms are determined by the cause, i.e. disease, against the background of which leukocytosis developed. The level of leukocytes is measured when taking venous or capillary blood in the morning 12 hours after the last meal. The white blood cell count is part of a complete blood count. To correct leukocytosis, the underlying disease is treated.
Article • Read more →Leukocyturia is a pathological condition characterized by a high concentration of leukocytes in the urine. The cause may be urinary tract infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. In rare cases, leukocyturia is a sign of oncological pathology or graft rejection. By itself, leukocyturia has no clinical symptoms. Rarely, with a large number of cells, urine can become cloudy. The level of leukocytes is determined in the general analysis of urine, the study of the Nechiporenko, Kakovsky-Addis samples. Correction of this laboratory deviation is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Lymphocytosis is an increase in the content of lymphocytes above 4000 (or 40%) in 1 µl of blood. The cause is acute viral diseases, some chronic bacterial infections, malignant hematological diseases, etc. Clinical manifestations are determined by the nosology against which lymphocytosis developed. The level of lymphocytes is examined in venous or capillary blood when calculating the leukocyte formula of the general blood test. To correct lymphocytosis, a fight against the cause is carried out, i.e. treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Lymphocytopenia (lymphopenia) is a decrease in the level of lymphocytes less than 1,800 (18% of the total number of leukocytes) in 1 μl of blood. In children, due to physiological lymphocytosis due to leukocytic decussation, lymphocytopenia is recognized as below 3,500-4,500. The cause is considered to be infectious and autoimmune diseases, malignant blood diseases. The clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. Lymphopenia can be manifested by hypoplasia of the tonsils of the pharyngeal ring, activation of opportunistic infections. The concentration of lymphocytes is measured in the complete blood count (CBC). To return them to normal levels, it is necessary to treat the disease that caused lymphocytopenia.
Article • Read more →Monocytosis is a pathological condition in which there is an increase in the content of monocytes more than 1000 in 1 µl of blood. The causes are infectious, inflammatory, and oncohematological diseases. In children, infectious mononucleosis is the most common cause. There are no specific symptoms. The clinical picture is determined by the underlying pathology. The level of monocytes is examined in capillary or venous blood when calculating the leukocyte formula. To return monocytes to reference values (from 1 to 10%), the disease that served as a background for the occurrence of monocytosis is treated.
Article • Read more →Monocytopenia is a laboratory syndrome in which there is a decrease in the level of monocytes below 500 in 1 μl of blood. Isolated monocytopenia is extremely rare. Most often, it is combined with a decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) or with a drop in the content of all blood cells (pancytopenia). The cause of monocytopenia can be severe bacterial infections, malignant myeloproliferative diseases, oppression of hematopoiesis, etc. The level of monocytes is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction of this condition is carried out in the treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Neutropenia is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of neutrophils below 1500 in 1 µl of peripheral blood. The causes can be various bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, medications. The level of neutrophils is examined in a general blood test. To correct this pathology, the underlying disease is treated. In severe neutropenia, drugs are used that stimulate the formation of bone marrow leukocytes.
Article • Read more →Neutrophilia (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the content of neutrophils over 6500 (in a child under 6 years old over 4500) in 1 μl of blood. The cause is bacterial infections, purulent-septic processes, inflammatory, oncological diseases. There are no specific clinical signs in neutrophilia, the symptoms depend on the underlying pathology. The level of neutrophils is determined as part of the calculation of the leukocyte hemogram formula. To correct neutrophilia, the disease against which it developed is treated.
Article • Read more →Cock gait (steppage) is observed in pathologies accompanied by a violation of the dorsiflexion of the foot: polyneuropathies, poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, compression or mechanical damage to the peroneal nerve. The cause of the violation is established according to the survey, physical examination, neurological examination, ultrasound of the nerve, neurophysiological studies, and other methods. Treatment of cock's gait includes NSAIDs, cholinesterase inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, hormonal drugs.
Article • Read more →Pyuria is the release of a large number of leukocytes, bacteria, necrotic cells of the urinary tract epithelium. It is observed in infectious and inflammatory diseases, purulent processes with damage to the urinary system and genital organs. Found in sepsis. It is detected by the results of a clinical analysis of urine, a three-glass sample. To determine the pathogen, bacterioscopy and urine culture are performed. Ultrasound, X-ray and endoscopic techniques are used to clarify the diagnosis. Treatment includes surgery, antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy.
Article • Read more →Choking while eating is the entry of food particles into the respiratory tract, causing an attack of painful coughing. The symptom occurs when the bulbar nuclei of the cranial nerves are damaged, the pathology of neuromuscular transmission of impulses, diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems. Neurological examination, electroneuromyography, MRI are necessary to establish the cause. In order to eliminate the symptoms, glucocorticoids and anticholinesterase drugs, methods of physiotherapy are prescribed.
Article • Read more →Stamping gait is observed when deep sensitivity is disturbed against the background of lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system: injuries, tumors, hemorrhages in the brain and spinal cord, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord, polyneuropathies of various etiologies, multiple sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-Barré syndrome. The etiology of the disorder is established on the basis of an anamnesis, data from a general and neurological examination, imaging and laboratory techniques. Vitamins, nootropics, cholinesterase agents, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical methods are used in the treatment.
Article • Read more →Eosinopenia is a laboratory phenomenon characterized by a decrease in the content of eosinophils less than 100 in 1 µl of blood. It is a rather rare occurrence and can occur in severe cases of various infectious diseases, pathologies accompanied by hypercortisolism, and some allergic reactions. The level of eosinophils is examined when calculating the leukocyte formula in a clinical blood test. Correction is carried out as part of the treatment of the underlying disease.
Article • Read more →Eosinophilia (eosinophilic leukocytosis) is an increase in the blood level of eosinophils more than 500 in 1 μl of blood or more than 5%. Most often occurs in allergic reactions, parasitic invasions, may indicate severe lung diseases, oncological hematological pathologies. There are no specific manifestations. The clinical picture depends on the disease in which there is an increased content of eosinophils. The level of eosinophils is examined in venous or capillary blood by counting the leukocyte count in the general blood test. To correct eosinophilia, it is necessary to treat the disease that caused it.
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